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The International Shark Attack File (ISAF) investigated 91 alleged incidents of shark-human interaction occurring worldwide in 2001. Upon review, 76 of these incidents represented confirmed cases of unprovoked shark attack on humans. "Unprovoked attacks" are defined as incidents where an attack on a live human by a shark occurs in its natural habitat without human provocation of the shark. Incidents involving sharks and divers in public aquaria or research holding-pens, shark-inflicted scavenge damage to already dead humans (most often drowning victims), and provoked incidents occurring in or out of the water are not considered unprovoked attacks. "Provoked attacks" usually occur when a human initiates physical contact with a shark, e.g. a diver bit after grabbing a shark or a fisher bit while removing a shark from a net. The 15 incidents not accorded unprovoked status in 2001 included four provoked attacks, two scavenge events, two cases of sharks biting marine vessels, four incidents dismissed as non-attacks, and two in which insufficient information was available to determine if shark attack was involved.
The yearly total of 76 unprovoked attacks was lower than the 85 unprovoked attacks recorded in the year 2000. The number of unprovoked shark attacks has grown at a steady rate over the past century. Overall, the 1990's had the highest attack total (536) of any decade, and the 2000 and 2001 totals continue that upward trend.
The number of shark-human interactions occurring in a given year is directly correlated to the amount of time humans spent in the sea. As the world population continues its upsurge and interest in aquatic recreation concurrently rises, we realistically should expect increases in the number of shark attacks and other aquatic recreation-related injuries. If shark populations remain the same or increase in size, one might predict that there should be more attacks each year than in the previous year because more people are in the water. Shark populations, by contrast, actually are declining at a serious rate or are holding at greatly reduced levels in many areas of the world as a result of overfishing, theoretically reducing the opportunity for these shark-human interactions. However, year-to-year variability in local economic, social, meteorological and oceanographic conditions also significantly influence the local abundance of sharks and humans in the water and, therefor, the odds of encountering one another. As a result, short-term trends in the number of shark attacks - up or down - must be viewed with caution. Thus, the ISAF prefers to view trends over longer periods of time (e.g., by decade) rather than trying to assign too much significance to high year-to-year variability.
In addition to increases in the number of hours spent in the water by humans, the ISAF's efficiency in discovering and investigating attacks has increased greatly over the past decade, leading to further increases in attack number. Transfer of the ISAF to the Florida Museum of Natural History in 1988 resulted in greatly expanded international coverage of attack incidents and a consequent jump in the number of documented attacks. In the early 1990's the ISAF was able to develop important cooperative relationships with many Florida beach safety organizations and medical facilities, leading to increased documentation of attacks from a region that is a world leader in aquatic recreation. Fundamental advances in electronic communication (the Internet and email), a greatly expanded network of global ISAF scientific observers, and a rise in interest in sharks throughout the world spawned in part by increased media attention given to sharks have promoted more complete documentation of attack incidents in recent years. ISAF's web pages [http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Sharks/ISAF/ISAF.htm], which include electronic copies of the Attack Questionnaire in four languages as well as a plethora of statistics and educational material about sharks, comprise the most highly accessed shark site on the Internet. Our strong web presence regularly results in the receipt of unsolicited documentation of shark attacks. Many of these attacks would have been missed in the past because they occurred in communication-poor locales or areas lacking an ISAF representative.
Five fatalities occurred in 2001, down from 12 in 2000. The 6.6% fatality rate was significantly lower than the 1990's decade average of 12.7%. The five fatalities occurred in the Cape Verde Islands, Mozambique, and United States (one each in Florida, North Carolina and Virginia).
As in recent years, the bulk (82%: 62 attacks) of attacks occurred in North American waters, including 55 from the United States, four in the Bahamas, two from Mexico, and one in Cuba. The 55 attacks in the United States mirror the year 2000 total of 54. Elsewhere, attacks occurred in South Africa (4), Australia (3), Brazil (3), the Cape Verde Islands (1), the Marshall Islands (1), Mozambique (1), and New Zealand (1).
Following recent trends, Florida (37) had most of the unprovoked attacks in the United States. This total also paralleled the year 2000 total of 38. Additional U.S. attacks were recorded in South Carolina (6), Hawaii (4), California (2), North Carolina (2), Texas (2), Alabama (1) and Virginia (1). Within Florida, Volusia County had the most (22) incidents, which largely is attributable to very high aquatic recreational utilization of its attractive waters by Florida residents and tourists, especially surfers. Other Florida counties having attacks in 2001 were Broward (4), St. Lucie (2), Brevard (1), Manatee (1), Monroe (1), Nassau (2), Escambia (2), and Duval (2).
Surfers (35 incidents: 49% of cases with victim activity information) were the recreational user groups most often subjected to shark attack in 2001. Other attacks involved swimmers/waders (21: 29%), divers/snorkelers (11: 15%), and kayakers (4: 6%). One attack (1%) occurred during a water entry event.
The summer of 2001 was dubbed "The Summer of the Shark" by one newsmagazine and shark attack was intensely covered by the press until September 11. The prevailing perception was that 2001 was a banner year for shark attacks. In point of fact, attack numbers for the United States and Florida were almost identical to those of the previous year (which did not draw particularly high media attention) and the international total was 11% lower than that of 2000. More importantly, the incidence of serious attacks, as measured by the number of fatalities, was less than half the average yearly total for the past decade.
Even more farfetched is the notion that U.S. East Coast fishery regulations enacted in 1993 have resulted in the blossoming of shark populations, leading to more attacks. As noted above, the number of shark attacks has been rising throughout the past century as a result of human population growth and concurrent rises in aquatic recreation, and recent rises in attacks additionally reflected greater efficiency in ISAF recording. Although East Coast shark populations probably are in the early stages of recovery as a result of federal and state management measures, it is biologically impossible for these populations to have returned to their pre-fishing levels of the early 1980's in eight years. At current harvest rates, it will take decades to get to that point. Indeed, most sharks born in 1993 have not yet reached sexual maturity, far less produced offspring capable of attacking humans!
The International Shark Attack File, internationally recognized as the definitive source of scientifically accurate information on shark attack, is a compilation of all known shark attacks. In existence since 1958, it is administered by the American Elasmobranch Society, the world's foremost international organization of scientists studying sharks, skates and rays, and the Florida Museum of Natural History at the University of Florida. More than 3,450 individual investigations are currently housed in the ISAF, covering the period from the mid-1500's to present. Many of the data in the ISAF originate from the voluntary submissions of numerous cooperating scientists who serve worldwide as regional observers. Data submitted to the ISAF is screened, coded and computerized. Hard copy documentation, including original interviews and notes, press clippings, photographs, audio/video tapes, and medical/autopsy reports, is permanently archived. Biological researchers and research physicians study investigations housed in the ISAF. Access to ISAF data is granted only after careful screening on a case-by-case basis. Direct access by the press and general public is prohibited since much data, including medical records, is sensitive in nature and is given in confidence. Requests for summary information and non-privileged data are made to the ISAF director, George H. Burgess.
For additional information on sharks and shark attack, visit the Florida Museum of Natural History's shark research web site at:
http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Sharks/sharks.htm
Old ISAF Shark Attack Summaries: 1997
1998
1999
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